Call Number : RR-079

The Indigenization of Tamil Christian music:

Folk music as a liberative transmission system

Doctoral Thesis

By

Sherinian, Zoe C. 1998.
Wesleyan University, Connecticut.

Director

Mark Slobin
(ProQuest ID: 737021961).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS  ii
TRANSLITERATION v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
INTRODUCTION 1
Purpose and Scope 4
Indigenization 6
Studying Folk Music and "Other" Styles in Tamil Nadu 13
Advocacy Ethnomusicology  Reflexive Methods in the Field and Ethnography 18
Area 20
Christian Population and Caste 22
Tamil Language 27
Chapter Descriptions 28
PART I: Historical and Musical Context 33
CHAPTER ONE:  
HISTORY OF INDIGENIZED TAMIL CHRISTIAN MUSIC 34
Introduction and Theoretical Approach 34
Historical Period Outline 37
Historical Issues 44
Conversion, Caste and M usic 50
1) The Syrian Christians 52 AD to 1498 55
2) The Portuguese Catholics in the 1500s 58
3) Catholicism on the Tamil Nadu Coast in the 1500s 60
4) Robert De Nobili's Madurai Mission Beginning in 1606 64
5) Lutheran Danish-Halle Mission in Tamil Nadu from 1706 69
The Missionaries as Scholars, Translators and Diplomats 69
History of Vedanayakam Sastriar 76
VedanayakamSastriar's Work and its Transmission 80
Conclusion 97
6) 19th Century Caste Division, Indigenization, and Music  
Transm ission 100
The Mission and Caste Field 106
The Vellala Response to the Anglicans 108
Lower-Caste Responses to the American Madurai Mission 118
Indigenization of Kamatak Music by Lower Castes 126
Anglicization of the Nadar Christians in the 19th Century 131
Conclusion 137
7) Nationalism, Dalit Movements, and Indigenization in the Late 19th  
and Early 20th Century 138
The Dalit Movement and Mass Conversions 139
The Social Gospel as a Theology for Dalits 144
The Canonization of Classical Tamil Music and Literature as a  
Symbol of Indigenous Identity 149
Nationalism and Indigenization 161
Nationalism, Christian Identity and Dalit Movements 163
8) Ecumenicism, Tamil Isai (Music) and Christian Indigenization in the  
Mid-20th Century 165
Continuing Castism, Veiled by Ecumenicism 165
The Dravidian Movement and Tamil Christian Indigenization 167
9) 1970 to the Present 174
Contemporary Theologies and Musical Styles 174
Transmission 184
Conclusion 186
CHAPTER TWO:  
MUSICAL STYLE AMONG TAMIL CHRISTIANS 193
Introduction 193
Musical Style as a Code for Values, Identity and Indigenization 199
Style as an Ethnomusicological Category 202
The Practice o f Styles in the Churches of Tamil Nadu 207
Cultural Values and Indigenous Theories of Musical Form 209
Tamil Christian Styles, Their Use and Values 216
Western Christian Music in the Tamil Church Context 216
Western Hymns and Choruses in Tamil  
Indigenized Christian Music  
Kamatak, Light and Folk 222
Christian Kamatak Music 223
Christian Light Music 246
Christian Folk Music 262
Correlation of Style, Social Identities and Indigenization 277
Conclusion 288
   
PART II: Ethnography 292
CHAPTER THREE:  
TEACHERS AND PREACHERS AS MUSICIANS 293
Introduction 293
Dalits 296
The CJ Daniel and C S Karunakaran Family 297
Jacquolin Jothi 304
Kamala Mary 308
Nadars 311
Samuel Timothy Asirvatham 312
Emmanuel Jebarajan 320
Vellalas 328
Raja Sekaran 329
Conclusion 334
   
CHAPTER FOUR:  
PRODUCTION, RE-CREATION, AND TRANSMISSION OF MUSIC AT  
THE TAMIL NADU THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 338
Introduction 338
Daily Liturgy and Music Practice 347
Morning Chapel Service 348
Daily Music Practice 364
Intensive kamatak Music Course for First-Year Students 372
Daily Reflection of Music and Politics over Food 376
Carol Service Practice 377
Spreading the TTS Message Through Musical Interaction 381
The 1993 Carol Service 382
Music Camp 400
Choir Finance Tour to Coimbatore 405
Independent Student Transmission 408
Use of Drama and Music in Protests 411
Social Work Projects and Student Internships 417
oruolai, Community Service, and Festivals 422
Sunday Service and Community Meal 423
oruolai: Sharing a Meal 427
Pongal 428
Caroling 433
Conclusion 434
   
PART III: Case Study  
THE UBERATTVE MUSIC OF JAMES THEOPHILUS APPAVOO 437
Introduction to Part III 437
My Relationship to Appavoo 443
CHAPTER FIVE  
MUSICAL HISTORY OF JAMES THEOPHILUS APPAVOO 450
Generations of Pariyar Christian Kamatic Musicians 45
Appavoo and The Tamil Nadu Theological Seminary 464
Appavoo's Early Folk Songs 484
Fieldwork Interactions With Appavoo 492
C onclusion 504
CHAPTER SIX:  
SOCIAL ANALYSIS AS THEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION 506
Introduction 506
Essential Change in Cultural Values 508
Internalization of Hegemonic Culture 519
Sanskritization and Christian Kamatak Music 524
Classism 529
Caste 529
EPSIPEGS 534
M edia System s 539
Brahmin Philosophy and Media systems 539
Folklore and Dalit Protest 541
Em otion 543
Appavoo'sEthnomusicological Analysis  
Indigenization as Liberative Re-creation 546
Re-creation as Transmission 549
Problems with Kamatak Music 553
Appavoo's Humanly Produced and Transmitted Media (HPTM) 556
The Alternative M odel 559
Conclusion 570
CHAPTER SEVEN:  
APPAVOO'S THEOLOGY 572
Introduction 572
Audience and Transmission 576
A Theology of Indigenization 580
The Three Primary Tenets of Appavoo's theology 585
oru o la i 585
Universal Family 602
Strategy of Reversal 605
CHAPTER EIGHT:  
APPAVOO’S WORSHIP IN TAMIL FOLK MUSIC  
giramiyaisai varipadu 613
Introduction 613
The CSI m odel 617
Compositional style 620
Perform ance 621
Themes 624
Values and Ideas 629
Musical and Textual Analysis of the Liturgy in Tamil Folk Music 633
Analysis of the Liturgical Sections 636
1 Call to Worship or Opening Song 637
2 Invocation or God Calling, samialaikkiradu 638
3 Greeting and Praise of God, sdmiyavananguradu 645
4 Repentance or Realizing Sin, kutttamunaruradu 667
5 Forgiveness Received Absolution, mannippuperuradu 679
6 Readings and 7 Sermon 682
8 Creed, N a m b ik k a i 684
9 The Preparation and Blessing of the Meal, tiruvirundu  
arambikkiradu 692
10 Blessing the Meal 699
11 The Lord's Prayer, iyesusamikattuttandasebam 706
12 Meal Sharing Song, virundu parimaruradu 713
13 Community Prayer, vendikkiradu 721
14 Sharing the Blessing 721
15 Auspicious Ending Song, mangalam 723
CHAPTER NINE:  
CONCLUSION 725
Indigenization Re-Created 725
Indigenization in The Tamil Christian Context 728
Critique 729
Implications for Further Study and Application 734
APPENDIXS  
One: Notes to Audio Tape Examples 737
Two: Examples of Light Music Cassette Covers 741
Three: List of Figures and Tape Examples for Liturgy 742
Four: Music Transcriptions of Liturgy in Folk Music 744
Five: Translation, Tranliteration and Original Tamil Lyrics for Liturgy 824
Six: TTS 1993 Christmas Carol Service Program with Tamil Lyrics 836
Seven: Lyrics of Various Folk Songs written by JT Appavoo 844
Eight: Music Example sir tiriyekavashte from Chapter Two 848
G lossary 849
Bibliography 856
Choir Finance Tour to Coimbatore 405
Independent Student Transmission 408
Use of Drama and Music in Protests 411
Social Work Projects and Student Internships 417
oruolai, Community Service, and Festivals 422
Sunday Service and Community Meal 423
oruolai: Sharing a Meal 427
Pongal 428
Caroling 433
Conclusion 434
   
PART III: Case Study  
THE UBERATTVE MUSIC OF JAMES THEOPHILUS APPAVOO 437
Introduction to Part III 437
My Relationship to Appavoo 443
CHAPTER FIVE  
MUSICAL HISTORY OF JAMES THEOPHILUS APPAVOO 450
Generations of Pariyar Christian Kamatic Musicians 45
Appavoo and The Tamil Nadu Theological Seminary 464
Appavoo's Early Folk Songs 484
Fieldwork Interactions With Appavoo 492
Conclusion 504
   
CHAPTER SIX:  
SOCIAL ANALYSIS AS THEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION 506
Introduction 506
Essential Change in Cultural Values 508
Internalization of Hegemonic Culture 519
Sanskritization and Christian Kamatak Music 524
Classism 529
Caste 529
EPSIPEGS 534
Media Systems 539
Brahmin Philosophy and Media systems 539
Folklore and Dalit Protest 541
Emotion 543
Appavoo's Ethnomusicological Analysis  
Indigenization as Liberative Re-creation 546
Re-creation as Transmission 549
Problems with Kamatak Music 553
Appavoo's Humanly Produced and Transmitted Media (HPTM 556
The Alternative Model 559
Conclusion 570
   
CHAPTER SEVEN:  
APPAVOO'S THEOLOGY 572
Introduction 572
Audience and Transmission 576
A Theology of Indigenization 580
The Three Primary Tenets of Appavoo's theology 585
oru o la i 585
Universal Family 602
Strategy of Reversal 605
Strategy of Reversal 605
CHAPTER EIGHT:  
APPAVOO’S WORSHIP IN TAMIL FOLK MUSIC  
giramiyaisai varipadu 613
Introduction 613
The CSI model 617
Compositional style 620
Performance 621
Themes 624
Values and Ideas 629
Musical and Textual Analysis of the Liturgy in Tamil Folk Music 633
Analysis of the Liturgical Sections 636
1. Call to Worship or Opening Song 637
2. Invocation or God Calling, samialaikkiradu 638
3. Greeting and Praise of God, sdmiyavananguradu 645
4. Repentance or Realizing Sin, kutttamunaruradu 667
5. Forgiveness Received Absolution, mannippuperuradu 679
6. Readings and 7 Sermon 682
8. Creed, Namikkai 684
9. The Preparation and Blessing of the Meal, tiruvirundu arambikkiradu  
10. Blessing the Meal 699
11 The Lord's Prayer, iyesusamikattuttandasebam 706
12 Meal Sharing Song, virundu parimaruradu 713
13 Community Prayer, vendikkiradu 721
14 Sharing the Blessing 721
15 Auspicious Ending Song, mangalam 723
   
CHAPTER NINE:  
CONCLUSION 725
Indigenization Re-Created 725
Indigenization in The Tamil Christian Context 728
Critique 729
Implications for Further Study and Application 734
APPENDIXS  
One: Notes to Audio Tape Examples 737
Two: Examples of Light Music Cassette Covers 741
Three: List of Figures and Tape Examples for Liturgy 742
Four: Music Transcriptions of Liturgy in Folk Music 744
Five: Translation, Tranliteration and Original Tamil Lyrics for Liturgy 824
Six: TTS 1993 Christmas Carol Service Program with Tamil Lyrics 836
Seven: Lyrics of Various Folk Songs written by JT Appavoo 844
Eight: Music Example sir tiriyekavashte from Chapter Two 848
Glossary 849
Bibliography 856
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Keywords - The Indigenization of Tamil Christian music Folk music as a liberative transmission system, Sherinian, Zoe C, Wesleyan University, Connecticut., Mark Slobin

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