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Call Number : RR-079
The Indigenization of Tamil Christian music:
Folk music as a liberative transmission system
Doctoral Thesis
By
Sherinian, Zoe C. 1998.
Wesleyan University, Connecticut.
Director
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS | ii |
TRANSLITERATION | v |
TABLE OF CONTENTS | vi |
INTRODUCTION | 1 |
Purpose and Scope | 4 |
Indigenization | 6 |
Studying Folk Music and "Other" Styles in Tamil Nadu | 13 |
Advocacy Ethnomusicology Reflexive Methods in the Field and Ethnography | 18 |
Area | 20 |
Christian Population and Caste | 22 |
Tamil Language | 27 |
Chapter Descriptions | 28 |
PART I: Historical and Musical Context | 33 |
CHAPTER ONE: | |
HISTORY OF INDIGENIZED TAMIL CHRISTIAN MUSIC | 34 |
Introduction and Theoretical Approach | 34 |
Historical Period Outline | 37 |
Historical Issues | 44 |
Conversion, Caste and M usic | 50 |
1) The Syrian Christians 52 AD to 1498 | 55 |
2) The Portuguese Catholics in the 1500s | 58 |
3) Catholicism on the Tamil Nadu Coast in the 1500s | 60 |
4) Robert De Nobili's Madurai Mission Beginning in 1606 | 64 |
5) Lutheran Danish-Halle Mission in Tamil Nadu from 1706 | 69 |
The Missionaries as Scholars, Translators and Diplomats | 69 |
History of Vedanayakam Sastriar | 76 |
VedanayakamSastriar's Work and its Transmission | 80 |
Conclusion | 97 |
6) 19th Century Caste Division, Indigenization, and Music | |
Transm ission | 100 |
The Mission and Caste Field | 106 |
The Vellala Response to the Anglicans | 108 |
Lower-Caste Responses to the American Madurai Mission | 118 |
Indigenization of Kamatak Music by Lower Castes | 126 |
Anglicization of the Nadar Christians in the 19th Century | 131 |
Conclusion | 137 |
7) Nationalism, Dalit Movements, and Indigenization in the Late 19th | |
and Early 20th Century | 138 |
The Dalit Movement and Mass Conversions | 139 |
The Social Gospel as a Theology for Dalits | 144 |
The Canonization of Classical Tamil Music and Literature as a | |
Symbol of Indigenous Identity | 149 |
Nationalism and Indigenization | 161 |
Nationalism, Christian Identity and Dalit Movements | 163 |
8) Ecumenicism, Tamil Isai (Music) and Christian Indigenization in the | |
Mid-20th Century | 165 |
Continuing Castism, Veiled by Ecumenicism | 165 |
The Dravidian Movement and Tamil Christian Indigenization | 167 |
9) 1970 to the Present | 174 |
Contemporary Theologies and Musical Styles | 174 |
Transmission | 184 |
Conclusion | 186 |
CHAPTER TWO: | |
MUSICAL STYLE AMONG TAMIL CHRISTIANS | 193 |
Introduction | 193 |
Musical Style as a Code for Values, Identity and Indigenization | 199 |
Style as an Ethnomusicological Category | 202 |
The Practice o f Styles in the Churches of Tamil Nadu | 207 |
Cultural Values and Indigenous Theories of Musical Form | 209 |
Tamil Christian Styles, Their Use and Values | 216 |
Western Christian Music in the Tamil Church Context | 216 |
Western Hymns and Choruses in Tamil | |
Indigenized Christian Music | |
Kamatak, Light and Folk | 222 |
Christian Kamatak Music | 223 |
Christian Light Music | 246 |
Christian Folk Music | 262 |
Correlation of Style, Social Identities and Indigenization | 277 |
Conclusion | 288 |
PART II: Ethnography | 292 |
CHAPTER THREE: | |
TEACHERS AND PREACHERS AS MUSICIANS | 293 |
Introduction | 293 |
Dalits | 296 |
The CJ Daniel and C S Karunakaran Family | 297 |
Jacquolin Jothi | 304 |
Kamala Mary | 308 |
Nadars | 311 |
Samuel Timothy Asirvatham | 312 |
Emmanuel Jebarajan | 320 |
Vellalas | 328 |
Raja Sekaran | 329 |
Conclusion | 334 |
CHAPTER FOUR: | |
PRODUCTION, RE-CREATION, AND TRANSMISSION OF MUSIC AT | |
THE TAMIL NADU THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY | 338 |
Introduction | 338 |
Daily Liturgy and Music Practice | 347 |
Morning Chapel Service | 348 |
Daily Music Practice | 364 |
Intensive kamatak Music Course for First-Year Students | 372 |
Daily Reflection of Music and Politics over Food | 376 |
Carol Service Practice | 377 |
Spreading the TTS Message Through Musical Interaction | 381 |
The 1993 Carol Service | 382 |
Music Camp | 400 |
Choir Finance Tour to Coimbatore | 405 |
Independent Student Transmission | 408 |
Use of Drama and Music in Protests | 411 |
Social Work Projects and Student Internships | 417 |
oruolai, Community Service, and Festivals | 422 |
Sunday Service and Community Meal | 423 |
oruolai: Sharing a Meal | 427 |
Pongal | 428 |
Caroling | 433 |
Conclusion | 434 |
PART III: Case Study | |
THE UBERATTVE MUSIC OF JAMES THEOPHILUS APPAVOO | 437 |
Introduction to Part III | 437 |
My Relationship to Appavoo | 443 |
CHAPTER FIVE | |
MUSICAL HISTORY OF JAMES THEOPHILUS APPAVOO | 450 |
Generations of Pariyar Christian Kamatic Musicians | 45 |
Appavoo and The Tamil Nadu Theological Seminary | 464 |
Appavoo's Early Folk Songs | 484 |
Fieldwork Interactions With Appavoo | 492 |
Conclusion | 504 |
CHAPTER SIX: | |
SOCIAL ANALYSIS AS THEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION | 506 |
Introduction | 506 |
Essential Change in Cultural Values | 508 |
Internalization of Hegemonic Culture | 519 |
Sanskritization and Christian Kamatak Music | 524 |
Classism | 529 |
Caste | 529 |
EPSIPEGS | 534 |
Media Systems | 539 |
Brahmin Philosophy and Media systems | 539 |
Folklore and Dalit Protest | 541 |
Emotion | 543 |
Appavoo's Ethnomusicological Analysis | |
Indigenization as Liberative Re-creation | 546 |
Re-creation as Transmission | 549 |
Problems with Kamatak Music | 553 |
Appavoo's Humanly Produced and Transmitted Media (HPTM | 556 |
The Alternative Model | 559 |
Conclusion | 570 |
CHAPTER SEVEN: | |
APPAVOO'S THEOLOGY | 572 |
Introduction | 572 |
Audience and Transmission | 576 |
A Theology of Indigenization | 580 |
The Three Primary Tenets of Appavoo's theology | 585 |
oru o la i | 585 |
Universal Family | 602 |
Strategy of Reversal | 605 |
Keywords - The Indigenization of Tamil Christian music Folk music as a liberative transmission system, Sherinian, Zoe C, Wesleyan University, Connecticut., Mark Slobin